Parafrasa
Tindakan plagiat (penjiplakan) dalam penulisan karya ilmiah merupakan sesuatu yang harus dihindari. “It is a big no-no”. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan paraphrasing (tindakan memparafrasa).
Menurut KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia), parafrasa adalah (1) pengungkapan kembali suatu tuturan dr sebuah tingkatan atau macam bahasa menjadi yg lain tanpa mengubah pengertian; (2) penguraian kembali suatu teks (karangan) dalam bentuk (susunan kata-kata) yang lain, dengan maksud untuk dapat menjelaskan makna yg tersembunyi. Di Youtube banyak dijelaskan mengenai hal ini dengan kata kunci: paraphrase.
Prof. Wasmen Manalu mengemukakan parafrasa yang merupakan penjiplakan dan yang bukan, sebagai berikut:
Teks ASLI dari halaman 1 Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of Family and Crime in the 1890s, karya Joyce Williams dan kawan-kawan:
The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.
1. Parafrasa yang termasuk penjiplakan
The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as well as production.
Parafrasa tersebut termasuk penjiplakan karena dua hal. Pertama, penulis sekedar melakukan perubahan atas beberapa kata atau frasa, atau hanya mengubah urutan kalimat aslinya saja. Kedua, penulis tidak menyebutkan sumber dari gagasan atau fakta yang dia kemukakan itu. Contoh tersebut juga bermasalah karena penulis mengubah arti atau nuansa beberapa kalimat (misalnya, kata “steam-driven companies” pada kalimat ke-2 telah menghilangkan penekanan teks aslinya tentang “factories”).
2. Parafrasa yang bukan penjiplakan
Fall River, where the Borden Family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they found work in these new factories. As a result, populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of these manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams 1).
Parafrasa tersebut bukan penjilakan karena penulis menayangkan informasi dari teks aslinya dengan menggunakan kata-katanya sendiri.
Contoh lain:
Fall River, where Bordens family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. As steam-powered production shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, the demand for workers “transformed farm hands into industrial laborers,” and created jobs for immigrants. In turn, growing populations increased the size of urban areas. Fall River was one of these hubs “which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade” (Williams 1).
Paragraf di atas bukan penjiplakan karena penulis merekam informasi dalam teks aslinya secara akurat, dan memberikan kredit terhadap gagasan-gagasan dalam teks itu. Disamping itu penulis menunjukkan bahwa sebagian frasa diambil langsung dari sumbernya, dengan cara menempatkan frasa tersebut di antara tanda kutip dan menyebutkan nomor halamannya.
Jika penulis menggunakan (atau memasukkan) frasa atau kalimat kutipan itu ke dalam tulisan dia sendiri tanpa membubuhkan tanda kutip, berarti dia telah melakukan penjiplakan.
Semoga bermanfaat.
Contoh
